Posts

Showing posts from November 15, 2009

pHASE pH Adjustment Systems.

Image
System Features Skid Mounted Turnkey Construction Minimal Installation Time NEMA 4X, UL 508 Small Foot Print State-Of-The-Art Controls pHASE pH Adjustment systems are designed to handle a variety of acidic and alkaline waste streams including concentrated discharges. Any acidic or alkaline stream, of any concentration from any source can be safely and effectively neutralized with a pHASE pH adjustment system. All systems feature state of the art instrumentation and control systems using our proprietary "Optimized Batch" pH adjustment technology. Completely automated operation requires no operator attention other than periodic instrumentation calibrations and maintenance. Remote monitoring via SCADA, building management, or dial-up link available. Standard Materials of Construction* Treatment Tank: Polypro, FRP Reagent Tank(s): Polypro, PE, XLPE Pump(s): CPVC, Polypro Piping System: PVC, CPVC, Polypro *Alternate materials of construction available MODEL Max Average Flow* (GPM)

Physical Chemistry & Thermochemistry

This is a collection of problem sets, lecture notes, articles, and labs for physical chemistry, thermochemistry, and thermodynamics. Laws of Thermochemistry Thermochemical equations are just like other balanced equations except they also specify the heat flow for the reaction. The heat flow is listed to the right of the equation using the symbol ΔH. The most common units are kilojoules, kJ. Here are two thermochemical equations: H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l); ΔH = -285.8 kJ HgO (s) → Hg (l) + ½ O2 (g); ΔH = +90.7 kJ When you write thermochemical equations, be sure to keep the following points in mind: Coefficients refer to the number of moles. Thus, for the first equation, -282.8 kJ is the ΔH when 1 mol of H2O (l) is formed from 1 mol H2 (g) and ½ mol O2. Enthalpy changes for a phase change, so the enthalpy of a substance depends on whether is it is a solid, liquid, or gas. Be sure to specify the phase of the reactants and products using (s), (l), or (g) and be sure to look up the corre

Amino Acid Structures

Image
These are the structures for the twenty natural amino acids, plus the general structure for an amino acid.

Inorganic Chemistry

If it isn't carbon-based, it's probably covered here. Of course, inorganic reactions of carbon are described, too. You'll find lecture and lab notes, molecular structures, journals, and study guides. Types of Inorganic Chemical Reactions Elements and compounds react with each other in numerous ways. Memorizing every type of reaction would be challenging and also unncecessary, since nearly every inorganic chemical reaction falls into one or more of four broad categories. Combination Reactions Two or more reactants form one product in a combination reaction. An example of a combination reaction is the formation of sulfur dioxide when sulfur is burned in air: S (s) + O2 (g) --> SO2 (g) Decomposition Reactions In a decomposition reaction, a compound breaks down into two or more substances. Decomposition usually results from electrolysis or heating. An example of a decomposition reaction is the breakdown of mercury (II) oxide into its component elements. 2HgO (s) + heat --&

Citric Acid Cycle

Image
Citric Acid Cycle - Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as the Krebs Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle. It is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the cell that breaks down food molecules into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Narayanese, wikipedia.org The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions in the cell that breaks down food molecules into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. In plants and animals, these reactions take place in the mitochondria of the cell as part of cellular respiration. Many bacteria perform the citric acid cycle too, though they do not have mitochondria so the reactions take place in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells. Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, a British biochemist, is credited with discovering the cycle. Sir Krebs outlined the steps of the cycle in 1937. The overall reaction for the citric acid cycle is: Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + P

Chemistry Glossary and Dictionary

Image
This chemistry glossary offers definitions for terms which are commonly used in chemistry and chemical engineering. An engineering glossary is available, too. abrasive absolute error absolute pressure absolute temperature absolute uncertainty absolute zero absorbance absorption absorption cross section absorption spectroscopy absorption spectrum absorptivity accelerator accuracy acetate acid acid anhydride acid-base titration acid dissociation constant - Ka acidic solution actinides activated complex activation energy - Ea actual yield addition polymer addition reaction adhesive adsorption aerosol alchemy alcohol aldehyde alkali metal alkaline alkaline earth metal alkane alkene alkyl group alkyne allotrope alloy alpha particle alternating copolymer ammeter amorphous analytical chemistry anion androgen anisotropy annealing antiferromagnetism antioxidant aromatic compound aqueous solution Arrhenius rate equation astrochemistry atactic atom atomic mass atomic mass unit (amu) atomic num

Quick Emulsifier Chemistry Demonstration

Soap is good at cleaning because it acts as an emulsifier, enabling one liquid to disperse into another immiscible liquid. While oil (which attracts dirt) doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can suspend oil/dirt in such a way that it can be removed. It's easy to demonstrate the action of an emulsifer. All you need are two immiscible liquids and a little dishwashing detergent or soap. Emulsifier Demo Materials water kerosene or oil dishwashing detergent or soap flask or clear glass Perform the Demonstration Add some kerosene or oil together with some water in a flask. Swirl the contents around to try to mix them. What happens? Add a squirt of dishwashing liquid. Swirl or shake the flask to mix the ingredients. How has the layer of kerosene or oil been changed? What could be easier, right?