absolute alcohol - common name for high purity ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
absolute error - expression of the uncertainty or inaccuracy of a measurement.
absolute temperature - temperature measured using the Kelvin scale.
absolute uncertainty - the uncertainty of a scientific measurement, given in the same units as the measurement.
absolute zero - the lowest possible state at which matter can exist, 0 K or -273.15°C.
absorbance - measure of the amount of light absorbed by a sample.
absorption - process by which atoms, ions, or molecules enter a bulk phase.
absorption spectroscopy - technique used to determine concentration and structure of a sample based on which wavelengths of liquid are absorbed.
absorption spectrum - graph of amount of absorption as a function of wavelength.
absorptivity - absorption cross section of extinction coefficient, which is the absorbance of a solution per unit path length and concentration.
accuracy - the closeness of a measurement to a true or accepted value.
acid - a chemical species that accepts electrons or donate protons or hydrogen ions.
acid anhydride - a nonmetal oxide that reacts with water to form an acidic solution.
acid-base indicator - a weak acid or weak base that changes color when the concentration of hydrogen or hydroxide ions changes in an aqueous solution.
acid-base titration - a procedure to find the concentration of an acid or base by reacting a known concentration with the unknown until the equivalence point is reached.
acid dissociation constant - Ka - a quantitative measure of how strong an acid is.
acidic solution - an aqueous solution with a pH less than 7.0.

actinides - Usually, the actinides are considered to be elements 90 (thorium) through 103 (lawrencium). Otherwise, the actinides are defined according to their common properties.
actinium - the name for the element with atomic number 89 and is represented by the symbol Ac. It is a member of the actinide group.
activated complex - an intermediate state at the maximum energy point on the reaction path that occurs as reactants are being converted into product in a chemical reaction.
activation energy - Ea - the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.
active transport - the movement of molecules or ions from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration; requires energy
activity series - list of metals ranked in order of decreasing activity, used to predict which metals displace others in aqueous solutions.
actual yield - the quantity of product experimentally obtained from a chemical reaction.
acute health effect - the effect caused by initial exposure to a chemical.
acyl group - a functional group with the formula RCO- where R is bound to carbon via a single bond.
adsorption - the adhesion of a chemical species onto a surface
adulterant - a chemical that acts as a contaminant in the context of another substance's purity.
aether - a medium believed to carry light waves in the 18th and 19th century.
air - the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere, consisting mainly of nitrogen, with oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide.
alchemy -Several definitions of alchemy exist. Originally, alchemy was an ancient tradition of sacred chemistry used to discern the spiritual and temporal nature of reality, its structure, laws, and functions.
alcohol - a substance that contains an -OH group attached to a hydrocarbon.
aliphatic amino acid - amino acid that has an aliphatic side chain.
aliphatic compound - an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined into straight chains, branches chains, or non-aromatic rings.
aliphatic hydrocarbon - a hydrocarbon containing carbon and hydrogen joined into straight chains, branches chains, or non-aromatic rings.
alkali metal - any element found in group IA (first column) of the periodic table.
alkaline - an aqueous solution with a pH greater than 7.
alkalinity - a quantitative measure of a solution's ability to neutralize an acid.
alkene - a hydrocarbon containing a double carbon-carbon bond.
alkenyl group - the hydrocarbon group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkene group.
alkoxide - an organic functional group formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from the hydroxyl group of an alcohol when it is reacted with a metal.
alkoxy group - functional group containing an alkyl group bonded to oxygen.
allotrope - a form of an elemental substance.
alloy - substance made by melting together two or more elements, at least one of which must be a metal.
alpha decay - spontaneous radioactive decay which produces an alpha particle or helium nucleus.
alpha radiation - the ionizing radiation released from radioactive decay emitting an alpha particle.
aluminum or aluminium - the name for the element with atomic number 13 and is represented by the symbol Al. It is a member of the metal group.
amalgam - any alloy of mercury and one or more other metals.
americium - radioactive metal with element symbol Am and atomic number 95.
amide - functional group containing a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom.
amine - compound in which one or more hydrogen atom in ammonia is replaced by an organic functional group.
amino acid - an organic acid containing a carboxyl (-COOH) and amine (-NH2) functional group along with a side chain.
amorphous - term describing a solid that does not have crystalline structure.
amphiprotic - species that can both accept and donate a proton or hydrogen ion.
amphoteric - substance capable of acting as either an acid or a base.
amphoteric oxide - oxide that can act as either an acid or a base in a reaction to produce a salt and water.
amu - atomic mass unit or 1/12th the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12.
analytical chemistry - chemistry discipline that studies the chemical composition of materials and tools used to examine them.
angstrom - unit of length equal to 10-10 meters.
angular momentum quantum number - ℓ, the quantum number associated with the angular momentum of an electron.
anhydrous - describes a substance that does not contain water or else is as concentrated as it can get.
anion - an ion with a negative electrical charge.
anode - electron where oxidation occurs; positive charged anode
antibonding orbital - molecular orbital with an electron outside the region between the two nuclei.
anti-Markovnikov addition - an addition reaction between an electrophilic compound HX and either an alkene or alkyne in which the hydrogen atom bonds to the carbon with the least number of hydrogen atoms and X bonds to the other carbon.
antimony Antimony is the name for the element with atomic number 36 and is represented by the symbol Kr. It is a member of the metalloid group.
anti-periplanar - periplanar conformation where the dihedral atom between atoms is between 150° and 180°.
aqueous - describes a system containing water.
aqueous solution - a solution in which water is the solvent.
aqua regia - mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, capable of dissolving gold, platinum, and palladium.
argon Argon is the name for the element with atomic number 18 and is represented by the symbol Ar. It is a member of the noble gases group.
aromatic compound - an organic molecule that contains a benzene ring.
Arrhenius acid - species that dissociates in water to form protons or hydrogen ions.
Arrhenius base - species that increases the number of hydroxide ions when added to water.
arsenic - metalloid with element symbol As and atomic number 33.
aryl - a functional group derived from a simple aromatic ring when one hydrogen is removed from the ring.
astatine - Astatine is the name for the element with atomic number 85 and is represented by the symbol At. It is a member of the halogen group.
atom - the defining unit of an element, which cannot be subdivided using chemical means.
atomic mass - average mass of atoms of an element.
atomic mass unit (amu) - 1/12th the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12, used to represent atomic and molecular masses.
atomic number - the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element.
atomic radius - value used to describe the size of an atom, usually half the distance between two atoms just touching each other.
atomic solid - solid in which atoms are bonded to other atoms of the same type.
atomic volume - volume occupied by one mole of an element at room temperature.
atomic weight - average mass of atoms of an element.
atmosphere - surrounding gases, such as the gases surrounding a planet that are held in place by gravity.
ATP - ATP is the acronym for the molecule adenosine triphosphate. 
Aufbau principle - idea that electrons are added to orbitals as protons are added to an atom.
austenite - the face-centered cubic crystalline form of iron.
Avogadro's Law - relation that states equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules at the same pressure and temperature.
Avogadro's number - the number of particles in one mole of a substance; 6.0221 x 1023
azeotrope - a solution that retains its chemical composition when distilled.
azimuthal quantum number - the quantum number associated with the angular momentum of an electron, determining the shape of its 

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