Daily Online News

January 8 th marks the passing of Melvin Calvin. Calvin was an American biochemist who discovered what would become referred to as the "Calvin cycle" or carbon fixation in photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle deals with the part of photosynthesis that is called dark reactions. A more accurate description would be light-independent reactions. These reactions don't require light to progress like most photosynthesis reactions and can occur either day or night. They take place in the stroma of the chloroplast and convert carbon dioxide into sugar using ATP and NADPH.

These crystals are easy to grow, only take a few hours, and don't require boiling water or harmful chemicals. Perfect, right? All you need is a cup, Epsom salts, and hot tap water. In the cup, stir together equal amounts of Epsom salts and hot tap water (you can microwave the water for 45 seconds to a minute if you prefer, but don't boil it). If you want colored crystals, add a few drops of food coloring. Set the cup in the refrigerator to cool, undisturbed, for at least a couple of hours. Drain off the water and this is what you'll have. If you like, you can slide the crystals out of the cup and set them on a paper towel to dry and keep.

Types of bonding The periodic table is organized in columns, called groups or families, and rows, called periods.  There are several groups or periods that have specific names. Bond type Happens between Electrons are Ionic Metal & non-metal Transferred Covalent Non-metals Shared Polar Covalent Non-metals Shared unevenly Metallic ...

Organic chemistry is mostly about one element - carbon. The diversity in its valence and connectivity leads to millions of organic compounds and thousands of organic reactions. It is overwhelming if you adapt a brute force and rote memorization approach. Focus on the fundamentals such as electronic structures, nomenclatures, stereo chemistry, reactions and mechanisms, the learning will flow. These are the exact skills you will learn from this series. Atomic and Molecular Structure The number of protons is equal to the atomic number. The number of neutrons is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number. The number of electrons is equal to protons, if neutral. From the number of electrons, determine the electronic configuration, following the arrow from the bottom. The s orbital has two electrons; the p orbital has six electrons; the d orbital has ten electrons; and the f orbital has fourteen electrons. The valence electrons are the...