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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 101 times to 157 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2009. Frederick Sanger is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice, in 1958 and 1980. This means that a total of 156 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Click on each name to see the Nobel Laureate's page. Jump down to: | 1980 | 1960 | 1940 | 1920 | 1901 | 2009 - Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath 2008 - Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien 2007 - Gerhard Ertl 2006 - Roger D. Kornberg 2005 - Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock 2004 - Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose 2003 - Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon 2002 - John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich 2001 - William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless 2000 - Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa 1999 - Ahmed Zewail 1998 - Walter Kohn, John Pople 1997 - Paul D. Boyer...

It's easy to make brilliant green fire. This cool chemistry project requires only two household chemicals. Green Fire Materials Boric Acid Medical grade boric acid can be found in the pharmacy sections of some stores for use as a disinfectant. It is a white powder. It's not the same chemical as borax. I used Enoz Roach Away™, which is 99% boric acid, sold with household insecticides. Heet™ Gas Line Antifreeze and Water Remover Heet™ is sold with automotive chemicals. Metal or Stoneware Container Lighter Instructions for Making Green Fire Pour some Heet™ into the container. How much you use will determine how long your fire will burn. I used about a half cup of Heet™ for approximately 10 minutes of fire. Sprinkle some boric acid into the liquid and swirl it around to mix it up. I used 1-2 teaspoons of powder. It won't all dissolve, so don't worry about some powder at the bottom of the container. Set the container on a heat-safe surface and ignite it with a lighter...

There are several branches of chemistry. Here is a list of the main branches of chemistry, with an overview of what each branch of chemistry studies. The science of chemistry is divided into several disciplines or branches of chemistry. Ryan McVay, Getty Images Agrochemistry - This branch of chemistry may also be called agricultural chemistry. It deals with the application of chemistry for agricultural production, food processing, and environmental remediation as a result of agriculture. Analytical Chemistry - Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry involved with studying the properties of materials or developing tools to analyze materials. Astrochemistry - Astrochemistry is the study of the composition and reactions of the chemical elements and molecules found in the stars and in space and of the interactions between this matter and radiation. Biochemistry - Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical reactions that occur inside living organisms....

These are the techniques and applications of molecular identification. Analytical chemistry lecture notes, laboratory exercises, organizations, journals, software, and additional resources are provided. Information is available for calorimetry, crystallography, electrophoresis, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Introduction to Qualitative Analys Identifying Anions and Cations Qualitative analysis is used to separate and detect cations and anions in a sample substance. In an educational setting, it is generally true that the concentrations of the ions to be identified are all approximately 0.01 M in an aqueous solution. The 'semimicro' level of qualitative analysis employs methods used to detect 1-2 mg of an ion in 5 mL of solution. First, ions are removed in groups from the initial aqueous solution. After each group has been separated, then testing is conducted for the individual ions in each group. Here is a common grouping of cations: Group I: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ Precipitated in...

These are pretty straightforward and require no explanation. Although you don't use these on tests or anything, it's good stuff to know (not to mention our whole understanding of chemistry is based on this): Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or ways. Chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms--changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction. These ideas form the basis of what a lot of AP Chem is all about; chemical reactions. It's nothing more than breaking some bonds and making some bonds, to put the atoms in a different order to create new things. Intro to Atomic Structure An atom consists of a nucleus and electrons orbiting around it...

As mentioned before, an element's mass is determined by its protons and neutrons. The electrons, having almost no mass, do no contribute to the mass of an element. An element is defined by the number of protons and electrons it has. The number of nuetrons an element has, however, can vary from atom to atom. Each possible atom is known as an isotope. (ex. Carbon-14) If you go look at a periodic table, you will notice that each element has a given mass. This mass is an average of its isotopes. This does NOT mean that all carbons will have 6 protons and 6 neutrons (don't worry about these calculations, they'll make sense in the next chapter). Just remember that an element can have different number of neutrons, which will change its weight.

Elements make up compounds, and are considered the basic building blocks of matter. You cannot break down elements into smaller parts, but you can classify the different parts within the element. Within the element are protons, neutrons, and electrons. The neutron, a chargeless particle, can be found in the nucleus along with the proton, which is a particle only slightly smaller than the neutron but positively charged. Electrons are negatively charged and are found circling the nucleus (much like the sun and the planets in our solar system). Within the atom, one can find a nucleus. The nucleus, which does not move around like electrons, contains both neutrons and protons. Both neutrons and protons have mass, and these two contribute almost 100% of the atomic mass of an element. Electrons, on the other hand, have almost no mass. Most calculations assume a mass of zero for electrons. Electrons, being so small, can move around very quickly around the nucleus. Protons and neutrons can also...